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Related Concept Videos

Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

7.6K
Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

2.1K
Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Optical Sectioning and Visualization of the Intervertebral Disc from Embryonic Development to Degeneration
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The transcription factors regulating intervertebral disc development.

Ryo Nakamichi1,2, Hiroshi Asahara1,3

  • 1Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla California.

JOR Spine
|March 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Intervertebral disc degeneration causes debilitating spinal conditions. Understanding key transcription factors in disc development may enhance mesenchymal stem cell therapies for better regeneration and treatment of these diseases.

Keywords:
annuls fibrosusintervertebral discmesenchymal stem cellsnucleus pulposustranscription factor

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Intervertebral disc (IVD) damage from aging or stress leads to degenerative diseases like disc herniation and spondylosis.
  • Current treatments are limited due to insufficient IVD regeneration capacity.
  • Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation shows promise but requires a deeper understanding of IVD development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular network regulating intervertebral disc development.
  • To identify critical transcription factors involved in nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus differentiation.
  • To explore the potential of combining stem cell therapy with transcription factor regulation for treating degenerative disc diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent findings on transcription factors in IVD development.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways coordinating nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus differentiation.
  • Conceptual integration of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation with transcription factor modulation.

Main Results:

  • Identified key transcription factors including Mkx, Pax1, 9, Shh, Foxa1, 2, T-Brachyury, and Sox5, 6, 9.
  • These factors are crucial in coordinating the differentiation of distinct IVD cell types.
  • A complex molecular network governs IVD development and cell fate.

Conclusions:

  • Transcription factors play a critical role in intervertebral disc development and differentiation.
  • Targeting these transcription factors alongside mesenchymal stem cell transplantation offers a novel therapeutic strategy.
  • Further research into this molecular network could lead to improved treatments for degenerative disc diseases.