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Osmosis

Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane. The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
Water, like other substances, moves from a high concentration of...

Osmosis

Osmosis

Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of paramount importance. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, such as a cell’s plasma membrane. In living organisms, water plays a crucial role as a solvent—a molecule that dissolves other molecules.

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices

Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices

Published on: March 27, 2019

Diffusio-osmosis and wetting on solid surfaces: a unified description based on a virtual work principle.

Nigel Clarke¹, Nigel Gibbions, Didier R Long

¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK.

|March 27, 2020

Summary

This study reconciles diffusio-osmosis with the contact theorem by proposing a new theoretical framework. It explains hydrodynamic flows near solid surfaces in inhomogeneous liquids, consistent with established colloidal science principles.

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Last Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices

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Published on: March 27, 2019

Proof-of-Concept for Gas-Entrapping Membranes Derived from Water-Loving SiO2/Si/SiO2 Wafers for Green Desalination

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Published on: November 10, 2014

Area of Science:

Colloid and Surface Science
Physical Chemistry
Fluid Dynamics

Background:

Diffusio-osmosis describes liquid flow driven by composition gradients near surfaces.
Previous models proposed excess pressure at interfaces, conflicting with the contact theorem.
A consistent theoretical framework is needed to explain these phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a theoretical description for hydrodynamic flows in inhomogeneous liquids near solid interfaces.
To reconcile diffusio-osmosis with the contact theorem of colloidal science.
To provide a unified understanding of wetting and diffusio-osmosis.

Main Methods:

Utilized a Gibbs free energy approach.
Applied a virtual work principle to calculate driving forces.
Analyzed liquid behavior in the vicinity of solid interfaces with composition gradients.

Main Results:

Developed a theoretical framework consistent with the contact theorem.
Demonstrated that wetting and diffusio-osmosis share underlying physics.
Derived an explicit expression for diffusio-osmotic mobility.

Conclusions:

The proposed theory provides a consistent explanation for diffusio-osmosis and related phenomena.
Diffusio-osmotic mobility is linked to interfacial Gibbs free energy and liquid viscosity.
The study unifies the understanding of interfacial phenomena in inhomogeneous liquids.