Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Food and Beverage in Brazil

Several previous studies on targeted food items using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in Brazil have revealed that many of the items investigated are adulterated; mislabeled or even fraud. Here, we present the first Brazilian isotopic baseline assessment that can be used not only in future forensic cases involving food authenticity, but also in human forensic anthropology studies. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N were determined in 1245 food items and 374 beverages; most of them made in Brazil. The average δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of C₃ plants were -26.7 ± 1.5‱, and 3.9 ± 3.9‱, respectively, while the average δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of C₄ plants were -11.5 ± 0.8‱ and 4.6 ± 2.6‱, respectively. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of plant-based processed foods were -21.8 ± 4.8‱ and 3.9 ± 2.7‱, respectively. The average δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of meat, including beef, poultry, pork and lamb were -16.6 ± 4.7‱, and 5.2 ± 2.6‱, respectively, while the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of animal-based processed foods were -17.9 ± 3.3‱ and 3.3 ± 3.5‱, respectively. The average δ¹³C of beverages, including beer and wine was -22.5 ± 3.1‱. We verified that C-C₄ constitutes a large proportion of fresh meat, dairy products, as well as animal and plant-based processed foods. The reasons behind this high proportion will be addressed in this study.