Biomimic strategies for modulating the interaction between particle adjuvants and antigen-presenting cells

Developing effective adjuvants is becoming increasingly important for the research of vaccine formulations. The addition of adjuvants could enhance the immune response, reduce the antigen dosage and prolong the protection time. In recent years, biomimetic strategies have been adopted in the design of vaccine adjuvants to achieve better immune protection efficiency. Particularly those particle adjuvants, which could easily mimic the physical and chemical properties of natural pathogens such as morphology and charge, have been developed. This review focuses on the study of bionic particle adjuvants, especially the effect of those particles' properties on their interaction with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). By mimicking natural pathogens, these particles possess the ability to increase the cellular uptake of antigens, activate APCs, and promote the lysosomal escape of antigens.