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Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Studying the Effects of Tumor-Secreted Paracrine Ligands on Macrophage Activation using Co-Culture with Permeable Membrane Supports
Published on: November 28, 2019
Systemic Correlates of the Tumor Microenvironment
1Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
Abstract:
It is increasingly recognized that cancer does not involve only formation of a tumor, but also systemic changes in the host. Alterations in number, spatial relationship, and function of immune cells have been identified in cancer patients' blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow. Importantly, these changes correlate with clinical outcome, demonstrating that systemic effects may persist in some patients after initial therapy that underlie future relapse. In this chapter, we will review these recent findings on the systemic effects of cancer.
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