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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Studying the Effects of Tumor-Secreted Paracrine Ligands on Macrophage Activation using Co-Culture with Permeable Membrane Supports
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Systemic Correlates of the Tumor Microenvironment.

Lei Wang1, Peter P Lee2

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Cancer involves systemic immune cell changes affecting patient outcomes and relapse risk. These immune alterations in blood, lymph nodes, and spleen highlight the body-wide impact of cancer beyond the tumor itself.

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Enrichment and Characterization of the Tumor Immune and Non-immune Microenvironments in Established Subcutaneous Murine Tumors
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Cancer is increasingly understood as a systemic disease, not limited to local tumor growth.
  • Immune cell alterations are observed in various tissues of cancer patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the systemic effects of cancer.
  • To highlight the role of immune cell changes in cancer progression and patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on cancer and the immune system.
  • Analysis of studies examining immune cell alterations in cancer patients.

Main Results:

  • Significant alterations in the number, spatial relationship, and function of immune cells are identified in cancer patients.
  • These systemic immune changes correlate with clinical outcomes.
  • Persistent systemic effects post-therapy may predict future relapse.

Conclusions:

  • Systemic immune alterations are a critical aspect of cancer.
  • Understanding these changes is vital for predicting patient prognosis and relapse.
  • Further research into systemic cancer effects is warranted.