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Related Concept Videos

Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

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There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
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P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

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A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
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Types of Semiconductors01:20

Types of Semiconductors

1.2K
Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...
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Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
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Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:24

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

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The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
Schottky Barriers
Schottky barriers arise when a metal with a work function (Φm) contacts a semiconductor with a different work function (Φs). Initially, electrons transfer until the Fermi levels of the metal and semiconductor align at equilibrium. For instance, if Φm > Φs, the semiconductor Fermi level is higher than the metal's before contact. The...
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Non-ohmic Devices00:51

Non-ohmic Devices

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In most substances, the current flow is proportional to the voltage applied to it. A simple relationship between the values of current, voltage, and resistance is known as Ohm's law. Nonohmic devices do not exhibit a linear relationship between voltage and current. One such device is the semiconducting circuit element known as a diode. A diode is a circuit device that allows current flow in only one direction.
Consider a simple circuit consisting of a battery, a diode, and a resistor. A...
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Nonlinear Thermoelectricity with Electron-Hole Symmetric Systems.

G Marchegiani1, A Braggio1, F Giazotto1

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Physical Review Letters
|March 29, 2020
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Thermoelectric effects can occur without electron-hole symmetry breaking outside the linear regime. A thermally biased junction with specific electrode properties exhibits absolute negative conductance and thermoelectric power.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum electronics
  • Solid-state physics

Background:

  • Thermoelectric effects typically require broken electron-hole symmetry in the linear regime.
  • Nonlinear transport phenomena offer new avenues for thermoelectric applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate nonlinear thermoelectric effects in tunnel junctions beyond the linear regime.
  • To demonstrate absolute negative conductance and thermoelectric power under specific conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of a tunnel junction between two electrodes.
  • Modeling a system with a gapped and a monotonically decreasing density of states.
  • Considering a tunnel junction between superconductors with suppressed Josephson contribution.

Main Results:

  • Absolute negative conductance and thermoelectric power can be achieved in a thermally biased junction.
  • This occurs outside the linear regime, without explicit electron-hole symmetry breaking.
  • A prototype system involves a tunnel junction between different superconductors.

Conclusions:

  • Nonlinear thermoelectric effects can arise from spontaneous electron-hole symmetry breaking.
  • The findings open possibilities for novel thermoelectric devices and applications.
  • Characterization of figures of merit for this nonlinear thermoelectric effect is discussed.