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Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Two genomes, one cell: Mitochondrial-nuclear coordination via epigenetic pathways.

Meike Wiese1, Andrew J Bannister2

  • 1Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology und Epigenetics, Department of Chromatin Regulation, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.

Molecular Metabolism
|March 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Cellular genomes communicate via epigenetic pathways influenced by metabolites. This crosstalk, involving mitochondria and nucleus, regulates gene expression and impacts human health, with mutations linked to diseases like cancer.

Keywords:
ChromatinEnzymesEpigeneticsHistonesMetabolitesMitochondriaRNA modification

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cells possess distinct nuclear and mitochondrial genomes.
  • Coordination of gene responses requires communication between these genomes.
  • Epigenetic processes, including DNA, RNA, and histone modifications, mediate this crosstalk, relying on cellular metabolites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine molecular mechanisms of metabolite influence on epigenetic enzymes.
  • To investigate subcellular localization of metabolite pools and mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk.
  • To explore histone involvement and nuclear-encoded enzyme regulation of mitochondrial function via epitranscriptomics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of molecular mechanisms linking metabolites to epigenetic enzyme activity.
  • Focus on subcellular metabolite pools and inter-genomic protein/RNA transport.
  • Analysis of histone modifications and epitranscriptomic regulation.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic changes directly impact epigenetic machinery.
  • Subcellular localization of metabolites and transport mechanisms are crucial for gene regulation.
  • Nuclear-encoded enzymes regulate mitochondrial function through epitranscriptomic pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic communication between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes ensures coordinated gene expression.
  • Metabolic cues, altered by environmental factors, directly influence epigenetic pathways.
  • Mutations in these pathways are linked to human diseases, including cancer.