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Van der Waals Interactions

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.

Van der Waals Equation

Van der Waals Equation

The ideal gas law is an approximation that works well at high temperatures and low pressures. The van der Waals equation of state (named after the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals, 1837−1923) improves it by considering two factors.
First, the attractive forces between molecules, which are stronger at higher densities and reduce the pressure, are considered by adding to the pressure a term equal to the square of the molar density multiplied by a positive coefficient a. Second, the volume...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Fabricating van der Waals Heterostructures with Precise Rotational Alignment

Fabricating van der Waals Heterostructures with Precise Rotational Alignment

Published on: July 5, 2019

Convergent beam electron diffraction of multilayer Van der Waals structures.

Tatiana Latychevskaia¹, Colin Robert Woods², Yi Bo Wang²

¹Institute of Physics, Laboratory for ultrafast microscopy and electron scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Ultramicroscopy

|March 29, 2020

Summary

Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) reveals new details in multilayer 2D crystals. This technique can now determine crystal composition and layer count from a single pattern, simplifying analysis.

Keywords:

convergent beam electron diffraction graphene multilayer graphene transmission electron microscopy twisted bilayer graphene van der Waals structures

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Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

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Published on: May 23, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid-State Physics
Crystallography

Background:

Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) is a standard technique for analyzing strain and deformation in bulk crystals.
Recent advancements allow CBED for imaging 2D crystals, enabling direct reconstruction and 3D deformation retrieval at nanometer resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore second-order effects in CBED for analyzing multilayer 2D crystals.
To investigate the potential of CBED for retrieving stacking arrangement information.
To develop a method for determining composition and layer number from CBED patterns.

Main Methods:

Utilizing simulations and experimental data.
Analyzing CBED patterns from twisted multilayer 2D crystal samples.
Investigating second-order effects and interference fringe modulations (CBED moiré).

Main Results:

Second-order effects in CBED provide insights into stacking arrangements in multilayer 2D crystals.
Twisted multilayer samples exhibit distinct CBED moiré patterns.
A straightforward method for evaluating composition and layer number from single CBED patterns was demonstrated.

Conclusions:

CBED is a powerful tool for characterizing complex multilayer 2D crystal structures.
The observed CBED moiré patterns offer a new route to understand stacking configurations.
The developed method simplifies the analysis of 2D crystal samples, enabling rapid material and layer assessment.