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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Updated: Dec 25, 2025

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HTLV-1 in Ophthalmology.

Koju Kamoi1,2,3

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|March 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes various eye diseases, including uveitis. Recent advancements in diagnostic and imaging technologies have improved understanding and management of these HTLV-1-associated ocular conditions.

Keywords:
ATL-related ocular diseasesHTLV-1 uveitishuman T-cell leukemia virus type 1ocular infiltrationocular inflammationuveitis

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Retroviruses

Background:

  • Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus linked to human diseases.
  • Ocular manifestations, including uveitis, have been associated with HTLV-1 since the late 1980s-1990s.
  • Reported conditions include keratoconjunctivitis sicca, interstitial keratitis, optic neuritis, and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL)-related eye issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review global topics and recent research on HTLV-1-associated ocular diseases.
  • To discuss advancements in diagnosis, imaging, and treatment for these conditions.
  • To identify current approaches and unmet needs in ophthalmology concerning HTLV-1 infection.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced molecular technologies like multiplex/broad-range PCR for rapid and accurate diagnosis.
  • Employed advanced ophthalmic technologies such as widefield fundus cameras and OCT to characterize ocular manifestations.
  • Incorporated findings from a large-scale nationwide survey of ophthalmologists.

Main Results:

  • New insights into HTLV-1-associated ocular diseases have emerged due to technological advancements.
  • The 'knob-like ATL cell multiple ocular infiltration' (KAMOI) sign has been identified.
  • Advanced drug delivery methods like intravitreal and sub-Tenon injections show promise in preventing disease progression.

Conclusions:

  • Technological progress has significantly enhanced the understanding and management of HTLV-1-related eye conditions.
  • Continued research and improved diagnostic/therapeutic strategies are crucial for addressing unmet needs in HTLV-1 ophthalmology.
  • The KAMOI sign represents a key diagnostic characteristic in specific HTLV-1-associated ocular infiltrations.