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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Bone Disorders01:29

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Overview of Protein Metabolism01:21

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Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation
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Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

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Hyperprolactinemia and bone.

Luigi di Filippo1, Mauro Doga1, Eugenia Resmini2

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Via Olgettina, 58, Milan, 20132, Italy.

Pituitary
|March 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High prolactin levels negatively impact bone health by increasing resorption and decreasing formation. Proactive screening for bone density and fracture risk is crucial in hyperprolactinemia patients.

Keywords:
Antipsychotic drugsBone densityBone metabolismHyperprolactinemiaOsteoporosisProlactinVertebral fractures

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Metabolism
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Prolactin (PRL) influences bone metabolism through direct and indirect pathways.
  • Elevated PRL levels are linked to increased bone resorption and suppressed bone formation.
  • Hyperprolactinemia can reduce sex hormone levels, further compromising bone health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of prolactin on bone metabolism and health.
  • To highlight the clinical implications of hyperprolactinemia on bone mineral density and fracture risk.
  • To advocate for the integration of skeletal health monitoring in clinical guidelines for high-risk patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental studies on prolactin's effects on bone.
  • Analysis of clinical data concerning hyperprolactinemia and bone health outcomes.
  • Evaluation of the relationship between prolactin levels, sex hormones, and bone parameters.

Main Results:

  • Experimental data indicate increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation with high PRL.
  • Human studies show hyperprolactinemia is associated with reduced bone mineral density and elevated fracture risk.
  • Decreased sex hormone levels secondary to hyperprolactinemia contribute to detrimental bone effects.

Conclusions:

  • Prolactin significantly affects bone metabolism, with high levels posing a risk to skeletal integrity.
  • Hyperprolactinemia necessitates proactive screening, prevention, and treatment strategies for bone health.
  • Consideration of skeletal health in future guidelines is essential, particularly for postmenopausal women and those with drug-induced hyperprolactinemia.