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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Recent developments in Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production - A review.

Poorna Chandrika Sabapathy1, Sabarinathan Devaraj1, Katharina Meixner2

  • 1School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, China.

Bioresource Technology
|March 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) offer a sustainable alternative to plastics. This review explores optimizing PHA production from mixed microbial cultures using waste feedstocks to reduce costs and boost market viability.

Keywords:
Economic feasibilityMixed Microbial CulturesPolyhydroxyalkanoatesPure cultureWaste feedstocks

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Polymer Science
  • Environmental Science and Engineering

Background:

  • Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable polymers with potential to replace petroleum-based plastics.
  • High production costs currently limit the widespread market adoption of PHAs.
  • Developing cost-effective PHA synthesis is crucial for environmental sustainability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthesis using Mixed Microbial Cultures (MMCs).
  • To analyze the impact of various parameters on PHA production efficiency.
  • To identify strategies for enhancing PHA yield and economic feasibility from waste streams.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on a 3-stage process for PHA synthesis from MMCs.
  • Utilized feedstocks derived from waste streams or their models.
  • Reviewed studies from the past decade focusing on aeration, substrate, and bioprocess parameters.

Main Results:

  • Identified key parameters influencing PHA production from MMCs.
  • Highlighted the importance of optimizing aeration, substrate, and bioprocess conditions.
  • Demonstrated the potential of waste-derived feedstocks for cost-effective PHA synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing the 3-stage PHA production process from MMCs is critical for economic viability.
  • Further research into waste stream valorization can significantly reduce PHA production costs.
  • Enhanced PHA production from MMCs can contribute to a circular economy and reduce plastic pollution.