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Related Concept Videos

Shearing Strain01:20

Shearing Strain

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The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
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Transformation of Plane Strain01:12

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When analyzing elongated structures like bars subjected to uniformly distributed loads, it is essential to understand the transformation of plane strain when coordinate axes are rotated. This transformation helps to assess how material deformation characteristics vary with orientation, which is crucial in materials science and structural engineering.
Under plane strain conditions, typical for members where one dimension significantly exceeds the others, deformations and resultant strains are...
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Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses01:20

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As discussed in previous lessons, strain energy in a material is the energy stored when it is elastically deformed, a concept crucial in materials science and mechanical engineering. This energy results from the internal work done against the cohesive forces within the material. When a material undergoes shearing stress and corresponding shearing strain, the strain energy density, which is the energy stored per unit volume, is calculated. Within the elastic limit, where the stress is...
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Measurements of Strain01:27

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Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...
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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials01:24

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The stress-strain relationship in ductile materials such as structural steel or aluminium is intricate and progresses through several stages. When a specimen is loaded, it initially exhibits a linear length increase, depicted by a steep straight line on the stress-strain diagram. It indicates the material is elastically deforming and will return to its original shape once unloaded. However, when a critical stress value is reached, plastic deformation begins. This stage sees substantial...
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Tunable macroscale structural superlubricity in two-layer graphene via strain engineering.

Charalampos Androulidakis1, Emmanuel N Koukaras1,2, George Paterakis1,3

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Achieving macroscale structural superlubricity in graphene is now possible. Random stacking and wrinkles enable low friction between large graphene surfaces, paving the way for new applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Tribology

Background:

  • Achieving macroscale structural superlubricity is challenging due to difficulties in sliding large, commensurate graphitic domains.
  • Previous research has primarily focused on nanoscale superlubricity, with limited success at larger scales.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate macroscale structural superlubricity in randomly stacked graphene layers.
  • To investigate the mechanisms enabling low friction at the millimeter scale under ambient conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of macroscale graphene samples via mechanical exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition.
  • Measurement of interlayer shear stress (ILSS) using Raman spectroscopy under applied strain.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations to analyze shearing behavior and friction at different chiral angles.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated macroscale structural superlubricity between randomly stacked graphene layers.
  • Estimated ILSS values in the superlubricity regime (mm scale) under ambient conditions.
  • Identified random incommensurate stacking, wrinkles, and lattice mismatch as key factors for facile shearing.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed reduced ILSS for incommensurate chiral shearing directions.

Conclusions:

  • Macroscale structural superlubricity is achievable in randomly stacked graphene.
  • The findings overcome limitations in achieving superlubricity at larger scales.
  • This research opens new avenues for utilizing graphene in low-friction applications.