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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine

Published on: February 24, 2023

Memory T cells: strategies for optimizing tumor immunotherapy.

Qingjun Liu^1,2,3, Zhongjie Sun⁴, Ligong Chen^5,6

¹School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.

|March 30, 2020

Summary

Understanding memory T cell differentiation is key for tumor immunity. This review explores memory T cell formation, the gut microbiota

Keywords:

gut microbiota memory T cells metabolism tumor immunology

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Cancer Immunology
Microbiome Research

Background:

Memory T cells, including stem cell memory (Tscm) and central memory (Tcm) T cells, offer superior persistence and antitumor immunity compared to effector memory (Tem) and effector T (Teff) cells.
The Tcm/Teff ratio is a potential predictive biomarker for immune responses in certain tumors.
A comprehensive understanding of effector and memory T cell differentiation mechanisms is crucial for advancing cancer immunotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in the efficacy of memory T cells against tumors.
To elucidate the origin and formation mechanisms of memory T cells.
To explore the influence of gut microbiota on memory T cell development and discuss ex vivo strategies for generating memory T cells for clinical applications.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent studies on T cell differentiation, antitumor immunity, and the gut microbiome.
Analysis of mechanisms underlying memory T cell formation.
Synthesis of current strategies for ex vivo generation of memory T cells.

Main Results:

Memory T cell subsets (Tscm, Tcm) demonstrate enhanced antitumor properties over effector subsets (Tem, Teff).
The Tcm/Teff ratio serves as a predictive biomarker for antitumor immune responses.
Gut microbiota plays a significant role in shaping memory T cell populations.

Conclusions:

Optimizing memory T cell differentiation is critical for enhancing cancer immunotherapy efficacy.
Further research into the gut microbiome's role can unlock novel therapeutic strategies.
Ex vivo generation of specific memory T cell populations holds promise for clinical translation in cancer treatment.