Multiharmonic electron paramagnetic resonance imaging as an innovative approach for in vivo studies

This work is the first report when multiharmonic analysis (MHA) was applied for electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) for in vivo applications. Phantom studies were performed for established methodology, and in vivo imaging was conduct as a proof-of-concept. Phantom studies showed at least six times improvement of the signal - to - noise (S/N) ratio. Application MHA for 3D EPR in vivo imaging provides images of spin probe distribution in mouse head. The EPRI, in combination with nitroxide and trityl spin probe, was performed to obtained 3D EPR in vivo images using MHA. For both used spin probes, MHA provided images with better S/N ratio, especially in the case of nitroxide, where projections obtained using conventional CW did not allow for reconstructing reliable data. Trityl radical exhibited high resolution and quality of obtained images after MHA. The MHA methodology allows the selection of a second modulation amplitude even 40 times higher than the natural EPR linewidth of the spin probe without line shape distortion, which highly improves the sensitivity of the acquired signal and allowing for imaging mice regardless of their size in a routine animal experiment.