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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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The Carbon Cycle01:14

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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

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Hydrological cycle changes under global warming and their effects on multiscale climate variability.

Jian Ma1, Lei Zhou1,2, Gregory R Foltz3

  • 1School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Xuhui, Shanghai, China.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|March 31, 2020
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Global warming causes uneven surface temperature changes, impacting ocean variability and monsoon rainfall. Understanding these complex hydrological cycle shifts is crucial for climate predictions.

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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Hydrology
  • Atmospheric Dynamics

Background:

  • Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing globally, leading to uniform radiative forcing.
  • Surface warming exhibits significant spatial variations influenced by climate states and dynamics.
  • Changes in the hydrological cycle are driven by these warming patterns and have global feedbacks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review research on hydrological cycle changes due to climate variability.
  • To analyze the effects of these changes on multiscale climate variability.
  • To highlight the need for advanced research methods for improved climate projections.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing research on climate variability and hydrological cycles.
  • Analysis of projected changes in interannual and interdecadal climate variability.
  • Synthesis of findings on monsoon rainfall and regional climate dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Interannual ocean variability is projected to intensify in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, weaken in the Atlantic.
  • Global monsoon rainfall is expected to increase with a longer wet season, despite atmospheric circulation slowdown.
  • Significant regional variations in monsoons are likely, influenced by orography and land-sea contrast.

Conclusions:

  • Climate variability and hydrological cycle changes exhibit complex spatial patterns.
  • Interdecadal variability will modulate global temperature, with polar and equatorial anomalies.
  • Advanced observations, regional simulations, and process studies are vital for future climate understanding and prediction.