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Detection efficiency for underwater coaxial photon-counting lidar.

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    Backscatter significantly impacts underwater lidar detection. Higher pulse energy or closer targets do not always improve detection probability for coaxial photon-counting lidar systems.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Oceanography
    • Remote Sensing

    Background:

    • Underwater lidar performance is critically affected by backscatter.
    • Coaxial photon-counting lidar systems, utilizing Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes, are particularly sensitive to backscatter.
    • Understanding these effects is crucial for effective underwater target detection.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a detection model for underwater coaxial photon-counting lidar that accounts for backscatter and refractive indices.
    • To analyze the influence of backscatter on detection efficiency and target detection probability.
    • To investigate counterintuitive relationships between pulse energy, target range, and detection probability.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a novel detection model based on underwater lidar structure and volume scatter function.
    • Incorporation of backscatter and refractive index parameters into the detection model.
    • Monte Carlo simulations to validate the proposed model and analysis.

    Main Results:

    • The study reveals that increased pulse energy or decreased target range does not invariably enhance target detection probability in underwater environments.
    • A counterintuitive finding demonstrates lower detection probability with higher pulse energy for specific scenarios (e.g., 5m target: 0.76 probability with 200 pJ vs. 0.55 with 1000 pJ).
    • The developed model accurately predicts detection efficiency considering underwater optical properties.

    Conclusions:

    • Backscatter and refractive indices play a complex role in underwater lidar detection efficiency.
    • Traditional assumptions about pulse energy and range optimization do not apply universally in underwater lidar systems.
    • The findings provide a basis for developing practical strategies to improve underwater target detection probability.