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Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
Published on: July 30, 2017
Palladium Promoted Production of Higher Amines from a Lower Amine Feedstock
Yufen Hao1, Fernando Cárdenas-Lizana1, Mark A Keane1
1Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, UK.
Abstract:
The catalytic (Pd/Al2O3 and Pd/C; mean Pd size 2.5-3.0 nm from (S)TEM analysis) synthesis of di-butylamine (DBA) and tri-butylamine (TBA) from mono-butylamine (MBA) and DBA, respectively, in continuous gas phase operation is demonstrated. Exclusive production of DBA (from MBA) has been established over both catalysts where 453 ≤ T ≤ 523 K (∆Ea = 79 kJ mol-1). Greater activity for Pd/C is associated with higher levels of surface acidity (from NH3 chemisorption/TPD) and spillover hydrogen (from H2 TPD). Reaction of DBA over both catalysts when configured in series delivered full selectivity to TBA. Our results establish a novel clean alternative route for the continuous production of higher (secondary and tertiary) amines.
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