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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis01:13

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

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For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

4.1K
A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions
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Single atom catalysts: a surface heterocompound perspective.

Zongkui Kou1, Wenjie Zang, Peikui Wang

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117574 Singapore, Singapore. msewangj@nus.edu.sg.

Nanoscale Horizons
|April 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Single atom catalysts (SACs) utilize non-noble elements for efficient catalysis. Understanding the "surface heterocompound" nature of SACs is key to developing advanced catalytic materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Single atom catalysts (SACs) emerged from efforts to minimize noble metal usage by reducing particle size.
  • Recent advancements focus on non-noble elements, including transition metals and non-metals, for SACs.
  • SACs are heterogeneous catalysts with active species dispersed at the atomic level on support surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolution of catalysts from traditional heterogeneous types to SACs.
  • To analyze SACs from a "surface heterocompound" perspective, emphasizing local atomic environments.
  • To discuss strategies and challenges in manipulating and identifying these environments for targeted applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of catalyst evolution and the concept of surface heterocompounds.
  • Analysis of factors governing catalytic performance, including active site type, population, and coordination environment.
  • Examination of synthesis techniques, analytical tools, and computational studies for SAC development.

Main Results:

  • Catalytic performance is dictated by accessible active sites and their local coordination environment, influenced by substrate interactions.
  • The local bond and coordination environment of surface atoms exhibit significant spatial variation and can change during synthesis and catalysis.
  • SACs can be viewed as "surface heterocompounds" with diverse local bonding.

Conclusions:

  • Developing efficient SACs requires precise control and understanding of the local atomic environment on hetero-surfaces.
  • Advanced synthesis techniques, analytical tools, and computational modeling are crucial for advancing SAC research.
  • The