Hyperinsulinism hyperammonaemia (HI/HA) syndrome due to GLUD1 mutation: phenotypic variations ranging from late...

Background The hyperinsulinism/hyperammonaemia (HI/HA) syndrome is the second most common cause of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia, caused by activating mutations in GLUD1. In this article, we report a series of three unrelated patients with HI/HA syndrome who demonstrated variable phenotypes, ranging from delayed presentation to spontaneous resolution of hypoglycaemia, thereby expanding the current knowledge and understanding of GLUD1 mutations. Case presentation This paper is a retrospective analysis of patients with HI/HA syndrome who demonstrated a variable disease course. Patient 1 presented with hypoglycaemic seizures at the age of 7 months and was diagnosed with HI/HA syndrome. Patient 2, a 5-year-old boy, on anti-convulsants since 8 months of age, was diagnosed with HI/HA at the age of 4 years. Patient 3, an 11-year-old girl with a history of transient neonatal hypoglycaemia, was diagnosed with HI/HA at the age of 12 months following evaluation for absence seizures. Patients 1 and 2 had raised ammonia levels, whilst patient 3 had normal ammonia level. The genetic analysis in all three patients confirmed GLUD1 mutation. Good glycaemic control was observed in all following diazoxide treatment. All patients have learning difficulties. Patient 1 demonstrated spontaneous resolution of hypoglycaemia at the age of 8 years, enabling discontinuation of diazoxide. Conclusions The cases highlight the diagnostic challenges in HI/HA syndrome due to a highly variable presentation. Knowledge of variable phenotypes would enable early diagnosis, thereby decreasing the risk of long-term neurological damage. Spontaneous resolution of hyperinsulinism could occur, and it is important to consider a trial off diazoxide therapy especially if the patients are on a small dose of diazoxide.