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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
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Lessons Learned from Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer.

Chantel Gouveia1,2, Carin Huyser2, Dieter Egli3

  • 1Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|April 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) aims to create stem cells by reprogramming somatic cells. Epigenetic reprogramming failure limits SCNT efficiency and causes abnormalities in cloned animals.

Keywords:
ESCSCNTcloningenucleationepigenetic reprogrammingnuclear reprogrammingnuclear transferoocytesomatic cell

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Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a key technique in stem cell research and regenerative medicine.
  • SCNT aims to reverse somatic cell differentiation for therapeutic or reproductive cloning.
  • Low efficiency (1-5%) and abnormalities in SCNT-derived offspring are attributed to epigenetic reprogramming failure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on SCNT protocol development and optimization.
  • To explore epigenetic reprogramming strategies to improve SCNT efficiency.
  • To discuss SCNT applications, ethical implications, and lessons for protocol optimization.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of SCNT protocol deficiencies and optimizations.
  • Analysis of donor cell type and cell cycle synchrony effects.
  • Review of nuclear reprogramming strategies for enhanced epigenetic reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Identified key factors influencing SCNT efficiency, including donor cell characteristics and reprogramming strategies.
  • Highlighted the critical role of epigenetic reprogramming in SCNT success.
  • Summarized current advancements in optimizing SCNT protocols.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing SCNT protocols requires addressing epigenetic reprogramming failures.
  • Improved SCNT efficiency holds potential for regenerative medicine and therapeutic cloning.
  • Further research is needed to overcome SCNT limitations and ethical concerns.