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Related Concept Videos

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

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Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...
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Biosynthesis in bacteria is a fundamental anabolic process that generates essential macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides. These macromolecules are critical for cellular growth, replication, and function. The process is tightly regulated and energetically linked to catabolic pathways to ensure optimal resource utilization.Biosynthetic pathways begin with precursor metabolites such as pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and glucose-6-phosphate derived from glycolysis,...
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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

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Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
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Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO•) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO• Signals in Single Cells
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Nitric oxide as a source for bacterial triazole biosynthesis.

Guiyun Zhao1, Yuan-Yang Guo2, Shunyu Yao1

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Researchers discovered how nature synthesizes the 1,2,3-triazole ring, a versatile scaffold, using nitric oxide. This finding reveals a novel biosynthetic pathway for natural products containing nitrogen-nitrogen bonds.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Natural Product Synthesis
  • Chemical Biology

Background:

  • 1,2,3-triazoles are versatile heterocyclic compounds with broad applications.
  • The natural biosynthesis of the 1,2,3-triazole ring system is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of the triazole-containing antimetabolite 8-azaguanine.
  • To investigate the role of nitric oxide in natural product synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the biosynthesis of 8-azaguanine.
  • Utilized enzymatic and non-enzymatic cascade reactions.
  • Identified nitric oxide as a key building block.

Main Results:

  • Elucidated a novel biosynthetic route for the 1,2,3-triazole moiety in 8-azaguanine.
  • Demonstrated the incorporation of nitric oxide into the triazole ring.
  • Revealed a cascade involving nitric oxide synthase.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a natural pathway for 1,2,3-triazole formation using nitric oxide.
  • Expands understanding of nitric oxide synthase in natural product biosynthesis.
  • Provides insights for synthetic biology approaches to triazole production.