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Related Concept Videos

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The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Generation of Dispersed Presomitic Mesoderm Cell Cultures for Imaging of the Zebrafish Segmentation Clock in Single Cells
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Recapitulating the human segmentation clock with pluripotent stem cells.

Mitsuhiro Matsuda1,2, Yoshihiro Yamanaka3,4, Maya Uemura3,5

  • 1Laboratory for Reconstitutive Developmental Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (RIKEN BDR), Kobe, Japan.

Nature
|April 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers modeled the human segmentation clock using induced pluripotent stem cells, revealing its five-hour period and gene oscillations. This study offers insights into axial skeleton development and related diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells are valuable tools for studying embryogenesis and organ formation.
  • Existing in vitro models lack the complexity to fully recapitulate human mesoderm development and patterning.
  • A robust experimental system for modeling human somitogenesis and the segmentation clock was needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model the human segmentation clock and somitogenesis using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying human axial skeleton development.
  • To explore gene-specific roles in segmentation clock function and associated diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Stepwise in vitro induction of presomitic mesoderm from human iPSCs.
  • Analysis of core segmentation clock gene oscillations (e.g., HES7, DKK1).
  • CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in iPSCs to study disease-associated genes (HES7, LFNG, DLL3, MESP2).

Main Results:

  • Established a model for the human segmentation clock with a period of approximately five hours.
  • Observed dynamic, traveling-wave-like gene expression patterns in human presomitic mesoderm.
  • Identified conserved and species-specific oscillatory genes between human and mouse models.
  • Demonstrated gene-specific effects on oscillation, synchronization, and differentiation in patient-derived iPSCs.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a functional model of the human segmentation clock and somitogenesis.
  • Findings elucidate molecular pathways involved in vertebrate axial skeleton patterning.
  • The research offers insights into the pathogenesis of vertebral segmentation defects like spondylocostal dysostosis.