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Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

376
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

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Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
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Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
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The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic01:25

The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic

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In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the...
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Encoding01:19

Encoding

671
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
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Elaborative Rehearsals01:07

Elaborative Rehearsals

261
Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
The effectiveness of...
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Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE
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Active transitive inference: When learner control facilitates integrative encoding.

Douglas B Markant1

  • 1Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Colvard South Building, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, United States of America.

Cognition
|April 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active learning enhances memory and knowledge integration by allowing learners to select study material. However, these benefits are limited to individuals with higher working memory capacity.

Keywords:
Active learningIntegrative encodingMemoryRelational learningSelf-regulated learningTransitive inference

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Learning Sciences

Background:

  • Active control during learning enhances episodic memory for studied material.
  • The impact of active learning on the integration of experiences into flexible knowledge remains less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how active learning influences the acquisition of relational hierarchies.
  • To examine the role of active selection of premise pairs in learning and knowledge integration.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel active transitive inference task.
  • Participants actively selected premise pairs to learn a relational hierarchy.
  • Assessed memory for studied premises and transitive inferences.

Main Results:

  • Active control improved memory for studied premises and transitive inferences.
  • Active learners showed systematic search patterns, potentially aiding integration.
  • Benefits of active control were contingent on working memory capacity.

Conclusions:

  • Active control promotes integrative encoding of learned material.
  • Cognitive resources, specifically working memory capacity, are crucial for benefiting from active learning strategies.