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Related Concept Videos

Power01:08

Power

12.6K
The concept of work involves force and displacement; meanwhile, the work-energy theorem relates the net work done on a body to the difference in its kinetic energy, calculated between two points on its trajectory. While none of these quantities or relations involves time explicitly, we know that the time available to accomplish work is often just as important as the amount of work itself. For example, sprinters in a race may have achieved the same velocity at the finish, therefore,...
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Maximum Power Transfer01:16

Maximum Power Transfer

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Numerous practical applications within engineering disciplines, such as telecommunications, necessitate optimizing power delivery to a connected load. This pursuit, however, entails inherent internal losses, which can either equal or exceed the power supplied to the load. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is helpful in finding the maximum power a linear circuit can deliver to a load. It is assumed in this context that the load resistance can be adjusted.
By substituting the entire circuit with...
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
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Average Power01:13

Average Power

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In practical electrical applications, the concept of time-varying instantaneous power is not frequently utilized. Instead, focus shifts to the more practical quantity known as average power. Average power is determined by integrating the instantaneous power over a specified time period and subsequently dividing it by that duration.
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Instantaneous Power01:22

Instantaneous Power

793
Instantaneous power is important in electrical circuits, mainly when dealing with sinusoidal input. Instantaneous power, denoted as p(t), results from the multiplication of the instantaneous voltage (v(t)) across an element and the instantaneous current (i(t)) flowing through it. This relationship adheres to the passive sign convention and represents a fundamental principle in electrical engineering.
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Power Expended by a Constant Force00:57

Power Expended by a Constant Force

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The relationship between work done and the time taken to do it can be explained using the concept of power. For example, several sprinters in a race may have the same velocity when they reach the finish line, therefore doing the same amount of work, but the winner does it in the least amount of time. Thus, power is defined as the rate of doing work. Since work can vary as a function of time, the average power is defined as the work done during a time interval, divided by the time interval.
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Updated: Dec 25, 2025

A Real-World High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement
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Optimizing Interval Training Through Power-Output Variation Within the Work Intervals.

Arthur H Bossi, Cristian Mesquida, Louis Passfield

    International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
    |April 4, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    High-intensity interval training (HIIT) with varied power output intervals helps cyclists sustain higher maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max). This approach enhances oxygen transport and utilization without increasing perceived exertion or blood lactate.

    Keywords:
    elite cyclingexercise hyperpneaintensity prescriptionmaximal aerobic powertime at V˙O2max

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    Area of Science:

    • Exercise Physiology
    • Sports Science
    • Endurance Training

    Background:

    • Maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) is crucial for endurance performance.
    • High-intensity interval training (HIIT) aims to maximize stress on oxygen transport and utilization systems for adaptation.
    • Optimizing HIIT protocols is key for athlete development.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare physiological and perceptual responses to HIIT with varied vs. constant intensity work intervals.
    • To determine if power output variations within intervals impact V˙O2max utilization.
    • To investigate the mediating factors of these responses.

    Main Methods:

    • Fourteen cyclists with high V˙O2max completed laboratory assessments and two HIIT sessions.
    • Sessions involved work intervals matched for duration and mean power output but differed in intensity distribution (varied vs. constant).
    • Physiological (V˙O2max, V˙E, [La]) and perceptual (RPE) responses were measured.

    Main Results:

    • Cyclists spent significantly more time above 90% V˙O2max during varied-intensity HIIT.
    • Minute ventilation (V˙E) was higher during varied-intensity intervals.
    • No significant differences were found in heart rate, perceived exertion, or blood lactate levels.

    Conclusions:

    • Varied-intensity HIIT allows well-trained cyclists to sustain higher fractions of V˙O2max compared to constant-intensity HIIT.
    • This effect is partly due to an increased oxygen cost of breathing (hyperpnea).
    • The enhanced V˙O2max utilization is not linked to higher blood lactate or perceived exertion.