Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 25, 2025
08:42
Forced Flowering in Mandarin Trees under Phytotron Conditions
Published on: March 6, 2019
9.4K
Citrus Polyamines: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Physiological Functions
Nabil Killiny1, Yasser Nehela1,2
1Citrus Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA.
Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 5, 2020
Summary
Polyamines (PAs) are vital for citrus plant growth and development. Understanding PA biosynthesis and metabolism offers new avenues for improving citrus crop resilience and yield.
Area of Science:
- Plant Biology
- Biochemistry
- Genetics
Background:
- Polyamines (PAs) are essential biogenic amines found across all life forms.
- Research highlights the significance of PAs in citrus plant physiology, though their precise roles require further elucidation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review recent advances in understanding polyamine (PA) biosynthesis and metabolism in citrus plants.
- To explore the diverse physiological roles of PAs in citrus, including growth, development, and stress responses.
Main Methods:
- Review of current literature on PA biosynthesis genes and regulatory mechanisms in citrus.
- Analysis of metabolic, genetic, and molecular evidence linking PA metabolism to citrus physiological processes.
Main Results:
- Identification and characterization of genes involved in PA biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation.
- Evidence supporting PA involvement in somatic embryogenesis, root and shoot architecture, flowering, fruit development, and gas exchange.
Conclusions:
- A deeper molecular and biochemical understanding of PA metabolism is crucial for citrus breeding.
- This knowledge can enhance citrus tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and guide future applications.
Keywords:
citrusembryogenesisflowering and inflorescencepolyaminesputrescineroot system architectureshoot system architecturespermidinespermineMore Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
01:29Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways
789
Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
789
01:56Plant Hormones
26.9K
Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.
26.9K
01:26Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides
466
Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
466
01:28The Citric Acid Cycle: Output
10.0K
The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the substrates to provide an optimal concentration of NADH and ATP to the cell.
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is regulated in several ways, including feedback inhibition, regulation of enzyme activities, and associated anaplerotic or cataplerotic pathways.
The primary substrate of the TCA cycle—acetyl CoA—is...
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is regulated in several ways, including feedback inhibition, regulation of enzyme activities, and associated anaplerotic or cataplerotic pathways.
The primary substrate of the TCA cycle—acetyl CoA—is...
10.0K
01:28Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids
815
Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
815
02:35Key Elements for Plant Nutrition
23.8K
Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
23.8K