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Updated: Dec 25, 2025
Studying Triple Negative Breast Cancer Using Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model
Published on: March 20, 2020
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of Conventional and Advanced Therapeutic Strategies
Mauricio A Medina1, Goldie Oza2, Ashutosh Sharma3
1Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CINVESTAV, Zacatenco, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico.
Abstract:
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells are deficient in estrogen, progesterone and ERBB2 receptor expression, presenting a particularly challenging therapeutic target due to their highly invasive nature and relatively low response to therapeutics. There is an absence of specific treatment strategies for this tumor subgroup, and hence TNBC is managed with conventional therapeutics, often leading to systemic relapse. In terms of histology and transcription profile these cancers have similarities to BRCA-1-linked breast cancers, and it is hypothesized that BRCA1 pathway is non-functional in this type of breast cancer. In this review article, we discuss the different receptors expressed by TNBC as well as the diversity of different signaling pathways targeted by TNBC therapeutics, for example, Notch, Hedgehog, Wnt/b-Catenin as well as TGF-beta signaling pathways. Additionally, many epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors effectively inhibit the TNBCs, but they face challenges of either resistance to drugs or relapse. The resistance of TNBC to conventional therapeutic agents has helped in the advancement of advanced TNBC therapeutic approaches including hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy, as well as nanomedicine-based targeted therapeutics of drugs, miRNA, siRNA, and aptamers, which will also be discussed. Artificial intelligence is another tool that is presented to enhance the diagnosis of TNBC.
Insights
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks specific treatments, driving research into novel therapies. Advanced approaches like nanomedicine and artificial intelligence show promise for improving diagnosis and treatment outcomes for this aggressive cancer.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Biomedical Research
Background:
- Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is aggressive and lacks targeted therapies due to absent estrogen, progesterone, and ERBB2 receptors.
- TNBC shares similarities with BRCA-1-linked cancers, suggesting potential BRCA1 pathway dysfunction.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current understanding of TNBC, including receptor expression and signaling pathways.
- To discuss existing and emerging therapeutic strategies for TNBC.
- To explore advanced treatment modalities and diagnostic tools for TNBC.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of TNBC characteristics, therapeutic targets, and treatment resistance.
- Discussion of signaling pathways (Notch, Hedgehog, Wnt/b-Catenin, TGF-beta) and targeted inhibitors (EGFR, PARP, mTOR).
- Exploration of advanced therapies (hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy, nanomedicine) and artificial intelligence in TNBC diagnosis.
Main Results:
- TNBC presents significant therapeutic challenges due to its invasive nature and resistance to conventional treatments.
- Various signaling pathways are implicated in TNBC, with inhibitors showing efficacy but facing resistance issues.
- Advanced therapeutic strategies and AI offer potential for improved TNBC management.
Conclusions:
- TNBC requires novel therapeutic strategies beyond conventional approaches.
- Targeting specific pathways and utilizing advanced modalities like nanomedicine and AI are crucial for overcoming treatment resistance.
- Further research into these advanced approaches is essential for improving patient outcomes in TNBC.
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