Iron/zinc and phosphoric acid modified sludge biochar as an efficient adsorbent for fluoroquinolones antibiotics...

Iron/zinc (Fe/Zn), phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) or in combination (Fe/Zn + H₃PO₄) modified sludge biochar (SBC) were prepared and tested in this study to adsorb fluoroquinolones antibiotics including ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR) and ofloxacin (OFL) from water. Fe/Zn + H₃PO₄-SBC had an increased surface area (S_BET), total pore volume (V_tot), mesoporous volume (V_mes), pore diameter (D_p) and oxygen-containing functional groups. It exhibited superior adsorption performance for CIP, NOR and OFL with the maximum adsorption amount of 83.7, 39.3, 25.4 mg g^-1, respectively. Pseudo-second kinetic and Freundlich isotherm model presented the better fitting. The results of models and characterization analysis in combination indicated that physisorption and chemisorption, including pore filling, hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, electrostatic interaction and functional groups complexation on a heterogeneous surface were the dominant process and mechanism. Liquid film diffusion was the main rate-limiting step. The adsorption process of CIP, NOR and OFL onto Fe/Zn + H₃PO₄-SBC were a spontaneous endothermic process. This study demonstrated that Fe/Zn + H₃PO₄ modified SBC exhibited high adsorption capacity, which was a promising adsorbent for fluoroquinolones as well as for other antibiotics effective removal from waters.