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Related Concept Videos

Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Updated: Dec 25, 2025

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Programmed T cell differentiation: Implications for transplantation.

Rebecca L Crepeau1, Mandy L Ford1

  • 1Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Suite 5208, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.

Cellular Immunology
|April 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

T cells are crucial for immunity and transplant rejection. Understanding T cell differentiation pathways, influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, can lead to new therapies for preventing organ transplant rejection.

Keywords:
EomesIRF4T cell differentiationTbetTissue-resident memoryTranscriptional regulationTransplantationTrm

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • T cells are vital for immune responses against infections.
  • T cells also mediate graft rejection in organ transplantation.
  • T cell differentiation is governed by complex transcriptional and environmental cues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding T cell transcriptional regulation.
  • To explore how these pathways impact transplantation.
  • To highlight context-dependent T cell differentiation in infection versus transplantation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent discoveries in T cell differentiation.
  • Analysis of transcriptional regulation mechanisms.
  • Discussion of extrinsic factors influencing T cell fate.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key transcriptional pathways regulating T cell differentiation.
  • Elucidation of context-specific T cell programs in infection and transplantation.
  • Understanding the molecular basis of T cell-mediated graft rejection.

Conclusions:

  • Transcriptional regulation of T cells is critical in transplantation.
  • Context-dependent T cell differentiation programs are key.
  • Insights can drive novel therapeutic strategies to prevent graft rejection.