Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

21.6K
The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
21.6K
The Central Dogma01:25

The Central Dogma

138.6K
Overview
138.6K
The Central Dogma01:20

The Central Dogma

31.5K
The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...
31.5K
DNA as a Genetic Template02:05

DNA as a Genetic Template

27.2K
Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...
27.2K
DNA as a Genetic Template02:05

DNA as a Genetic Template

9.1K
9.1K
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

13.0K
One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
13.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Construction of Dinucleotide Circular Codes Based on Nucleotide Probabilities.

Acta biotheoretica·2025
Same author

Isomorphisms of Maximal Self-complementary [Formula: see text]-codes.

Acta biotheoretica·2025
Same author

Codes across (life)sciences.

Bio Systems·2025
Same author

Enhancing FAIRdata by providing digital workflows from data generation to the publication of data: an open source approach described for cyclic voltammetry.

Chemical science·2025
Same author

Forbidden codon combinations in error-detecting circular codes.

Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften·2024
Same author

Modeling the origin, evolution, and functioning of the genetic code.

Bio Systems·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System
11:47

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Published on: August 1, 2016

16.3K

Circular Tessera Codes in the Evolution of the Genetic Code.

Elena Fimmel1, Martin Starman2, Lutz Strüngmann2

  • 1Institute of Mathematical Biology, Faculty for Computer Sciences, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163, Mannheim, Germany. e.fimmel@hs-mannheim.de.

Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
|April 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study explores the origin of the genetic code by examining two hypotheses: four-based codons (tesserae) and circular codes. Findings reveal these theories complement each other, enhancing our understanding of genetic code development.

Keywords:
Circular codeDegeneracyGenetic codeTessera

More Related Videos

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells
14:26

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: April 4, 2016

25.8K
Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules
09:32

Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules

Published on: April 12, 2019

7.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System
11:47

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Published on: August 1, 2016

16.3K
Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells
14:26

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: April 4, 2016

25.8K
Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules
09:32

Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules

Published on: April 12, 2019

7.0K

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The origin and evolution of the modern genetic code remain incompletely understood.
  • Existing hypotheses offer partial explanations for specific aspects of the genetic code's structure and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the compatibility and complementarity of two distinct hypotheses on genetic code development.
  • To determine if the tesserae theory and circular codes concept can be integrated to provide a more comprehensive model.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of the tesserae theory (four-based codons) with the principles of circular codes.
  • Evaluation of how each hypothesis explains features of the modern genetic code, particularly vertebrate mitochondrial codes.

Main Results:

  • The tesserae theory, based on four-based codons, successfully explains the degeneracy observed in the vertebrate mitochondrial genetic code.
  • Circular codes, discovered in the 1990s, are shown to play a role in maintaining correct reading frames during translation.
  • The two concepts, tesserae and circular codes, are found to be non-contradictory and mutually enriching.

Conclusions:

  • The integration of the tesserae theory and circular codes offers a more complete framework for understanding the evolution of the genetic code.
  • This combined approach enhances our comprehension of both codon degeneracy and reading-frame maintenance mechanisms.