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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

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Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

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Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Author Spotlight: Anterior HR-OCT as a Non-Invasive Tool for Characterizing Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
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The Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study (COTS) Consensus (CON) Group Meeting Proceedings.

Rupesh Agrawal1,2,3, Ilaria Testi2, Sarakshi Mahajan4

  • 1National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.

Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
|April 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study established expert consensus guidelines for initiating anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) in ocular tuberculosis (TB). The recommendations cover various clinical phenotypes, including choroidal TB, to standardize patient care.

Keywords:
Antitubercular therapyCollaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study Consensus (COTS CON)choroiditisconsensus guidelinesocular tuberculosis

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Ocular tuberculosis (TB) presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
  • Standardized treatment guidelines for ocular TB are lacking.
  • The Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study (COTS) initiated a consensus process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop evidence- and experience-based recommendations for initiating anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) in ocular TB.
  • To establish consensus among global uveitis experts on treatment initiation protocols.
  • To address specific treatment needs for different ocular TB phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • A modified Delphi technique was employed, involving international uveitis experts.
  • Consensus statements were generated through online questionnaires and a face-to-face meeting.
  • Four hundred eighty-six consensus statements on initiating ATT were deliberated.

Main Results:

  • The consensus process identified key clinical scenarios and phenotypes of ocular TB.
  • A median score of five indicated consensus for initiating ATT.
  • Statements with a median score of four were advanced for further discussion.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully elucidated guidelines for initiating ATT in ocular TB patients.
  • The methodology provides a framework for developing expert consensus on complex clinical issues.
  • Standardized treatment initiation for ocular TB, particularly choroidal TB, is now better defined.