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Marine virus predation by non-host organisms.

Jennifer E Welsh1, Peter Steenhuis2, Karlos Ribeiro de Moraes2

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Marine sponges and other non-host organisms effectively remove viruses from seawater. This study reveals that natural viral loss by ambient organisms is significant and previously underestimated in marine ecosystems.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Environmental Science
  • Virology

Background:

  • Viruses are abundant in marine environments, yet their removal by non-host organisms is poorly understood.
  • Understanding viral dynamics is crucial for marine ecosystem health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the capacity of various marine non-host organisms to remove viruses.
  • To quantify the viral removal rates by different species.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the marine algal virus PgV-07T as a model system.
  • Employed flow cytometry to differentiate the model virus from bacteriophages.
  • Assessed viral abundance reduction over 24 hours in the presence of various invertebrates.

Main Results:

  • Anemones, polychaete larvae, sea squirts, crabs, cockles, oysters, and sponges significantly reduced viral abundance.
  • Sponges, oysters, and cockles demonstrated the highest viral removal rates (up to 98%).
  • Breadcrumb sponges exhibited rapid and sustained high-rate virus removal.

Conclusions:

  • Ambient non-host organisms play a significant, overlooked role in marine viral ecology.
  • Temperate sponges possess substantial potential for continuous and effective virus removal from the water column.
  • Natural viral loss in marine environments has likely been underestimated.