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Early menopause is associated with increased risk of arterial hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Panagiotis Anagnostis1, Patroklos Theocharis1, Konstantinos Lallas2

  • 11st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Police Medical Center of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Maturitas
|April 8, 2020
PubMed

Insights

Women experiencing early menopause (before age 45) face a higher risk of developing arterial hypertension (AH). This finding highlights a crucial link between menopause timing and cardiovascular health, emphasizing the need for proactive management.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Health
  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Menopausal transition is linked to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, driven by factors like dyslipidemia, obesity, and insulin resistance.
  • The specific contribution of arterial hypertension (AH) to menopause-associated CVD remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate and meta-analyze the association between early menopause (EM) and the risk of developing arterial hypertension (AH).

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was performed across PubMed, CENTRAL, and Scopus databases.
  • Data from ten studies involving 273,994 postmenopausal women were meta-analyzed.
  • Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I² index.

Main Results:

  • Women with early menopause (age <45 years) exhibited a significantly higher risk of arterial hypertension compared to those with menopause at a normal age (>45 years).
  • The pooled odds ratio was 1.10 (95% CI 1.01-1.19, p=0.03), with an I² of 79% indicating substantial heterogeneity.
  • This association remained significant even after adjusting for confounders like age, BMI, smoking, and menopausal hormone therapy use.

Conclusions:

  • Early menopause is associated with an increased risk of developing arterial hypertension.
  • This finding underscores the importance of considering menopause timing in cardiovascular risk assessment.
Abstract

Keywords:
Arterial hypertensionEarly menopausePremature ovarian insufficiency

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