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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
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Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

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Epigenetic Reprogramming During Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: Recent Progress and Future Directions.

Xiangyu Wang1, Jiadan Qu1, Jie Li2

  • 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.

Frontiers in Genetics
|April 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) efficiency is low due to incomplete epigenetic reprogramming. Long non-coding RNAs offer a new perspective for improving SCNT cloning efficiency by regulating this reprogramming process.

Keywords:
cloning efficiencyepigenetic modificationlong non-coding RNAnuclear reprogrammingsomatic cell nuclear transfer

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Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
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Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a key technology in biotechnology with wide applications.
  • However, low cloning efficiency remains a significant limitation in SCNT.
  • Incomplete epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cells is a primary cause for this low efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • This review focuses on SCNT-mediated epigenetic reprogramming in livestock.
  • It aims to identify factors contributing to low cloning efficiency.
  • The review also explores the role of long non-coding RNAs in regulating epigenetic reprogramming during SCNT.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SCNT and epigenetic reprogramming.
  • Analysis of factors affecting cloning efficiency.
  • Examination of the regulatory role of long non-coding RNAs in SCNT.

Main Results:

  • Incomplete epigenetic reprogramming is directly linked to the low developmental potential of cloned embryos.
  • Long non-coding RNAs are identified as crucial regulators of epigenetic reprogramming in SCNT.
  • This highlights a novel research avenue for enhancing SCNT.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in SCNT is crucial for improving cloning efficiency.
  • Long non-coding RNAs present a promising target for future research and applications in SCNT.
  • This review provides new insights into optimizing SCNT-mediated nuclear reprogramming.