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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
Interaction of EM Radiation with Matter: Spectroscopy01:12

Interaction of EM Radiation with Matter: Spectroscopy

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation can be considered an oscillating electric and magnetic field propagating through a medium that can interact with matter in its path. The electric field in the radiation can interact with electrical charges in the atoms or molecules in the matter. On the other hand, the magnetic field can interact with the magnetic field in the atomic nucleus. The study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter is termed spectroscopy. Spectroscopy is the study...
IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that stretch at a...
IR Absorption Frequency: Delocalization01:04

IR Absorption Frequency: Delocalization

Electron delocalization refers to the distribution of electrons across multiple atoms within a molecule rather than being confined to a single atom or bond. This phenomenon is common in systems with conjugated bonds—structures where alternating single and double bonds allow π-electrons to move freely across the network. The movement of electrons stabilizes the molecule and can affect various chemical properties, including vibrational frequencies observed in IR spectroscopy.
In IR spectroscopy,...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...

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Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source
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Two-photon quantum interference and entanglement at 2.1 μm.

Shashi Prabhakar1, Taylor Shields1, Adetunmise C Dada1

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Researchers created entangled photons in the mid-infrared (2090 nm) for the first time. This breakthrough enables new quantum technologies in communications and sensing using the 2- to 2.5-μm spectral region.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum optics
  • Mid-infrared photonics
  • Quantum information science

Background:

  • Quantum-enhanced optical systems offer revolutionary potential in communications, sensing, and metrology.
  • Existing entangled photon sources are primarily limited to the near-infrared (700-1550 nm) spectral window.
  • The 2- to 2.5-μm spectral region remains largely unexplored for quantum applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate entangled photon generation in the 2- to 2.5-μm mid-infrared spectral region.
  • To enable the development of novel quantum technologies in this underutilized spectral window.
  • To overcome the limitations of current near-infrared entangled photon sources.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized custom-designed lithium niobate crystals for spontaneous parametric down-conversion.
  • Employed tailored superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors optimized for the mid-infrared.
  • Generated and characterized polarization-entangled photon pairs at 2090 nm.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated two-photon interference at 2090 nm.
  • Generated polarization-entangled photon pairs at 2090 nm.
  • Established a viable quantum light source in the 2- to 2.5-μm spectral region.

Conclusions:

  • The 2- to 2.5-μm mid-infrared window is now accessible for optical quantum technologies.
  • This work paves the way for quantum key distribution in mid-infrared fiber communications.
  • Enables future quantum applications, including Earth-to-satellite communication systems.