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Related Concept Videos

Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility01:13

Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility

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Actin is a family of globular proteins that are highly abundant in eukaryotic cells. It makes up approximately 1-5% of total cell protein concentration. Actin monomers polymerize to form a complex network of polarized filaments, the actin cytoskeleton, that plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including cell motility, division, endocytosis, and metastasis of cancer cells.
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Actin Filament Depolymerization01:19

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Actin filaments (F-actin) are composed of actin subunits. The dissociation of actin monomers can occur from either end of F-actin. The rate of dissociation is faster from the minus-end or the pointed end, where the actin subunits exist with a bound ADP, together known as ADP-actin. The depolymerization of F-actin is aided by proteins, including the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and cofilin family of proteins, gelsolin, and glia maturation factor (GMF).
In F-actin, the ADF/cofilin proteins...
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Mechanism of Filopodia Formation01:39

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Filopodia are thin, actin-rich cellular protrusions that play an important role in many fundamental cellular functions. They vary in their occurrence, length, and positioning in different cell types, suggesting their diverse roles.
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Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria01:10

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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments01:14

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The straight or branched structure formation of actin filaments is controlled by nucleating proteins such as the formins and Arp2/3 complex. Formin-mediated assembly results in straight filaments, whereas Arp2/3 protein complex-mediated assembly results in branched actin filaments.
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Arp2/3 complex is a seven-subunit complex consisting of two proteins similar to actin- Arp2 and Arp3, and five other subunits that help keep Arp2 and Arp3 inactive. When required, the complex is...
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Cancer Cell Migration through Invadopodia01:35

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Invadosome is a broad category of cell surface structures with proteolytic activity that  degrades the extracellular matrix (ECM). Invadosomes are present in normal cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells, and neurons, as well as tumor cells. Although the macrophage podosomes and tumor cell invadopodia are classified as invadosomes, they have different structures, molecular pathways, and functions. Podosomes are short structures that last for a few minutes. However,...
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Aip1p Dynamics Are Altered by the R256H Mutation in Actin
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Disrupted actin: a novel player in pathogen attack sensing?

Hana Leontovyčová1,2,3, Tetiana Kalachova1, Martin Janda1,2,4

  • 1Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.

The New Phytologist
|April 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Plant immune responses involve the actin cytoskeleton. Disrupting actin triggers salicylic acid (SA) signaling, enhancing plant defense against pathogens, suggesting a complex role for actin in plant-microbe interactions.

Keywords:
actin cytoskeletonlatrunculin Bplant immunityplant-microbe interactionsalicylic acid (SA)

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Immunology
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • The actin cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in plant immune responses.
  • Pathogens often disrupt the actin cytoskeleton as a virulence strategy.
  • Previous research indicates that disrupting actin increases plant susceptibility to infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if plants can sense and respond to pathological disruptions of the actin cytoskeleton.
  • To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying plant defense activation upon actin depolymerization.
  • To understand the specific role of salicylic acid (SA) signaling in this process.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical depolymerization of actin filaments.
  • Analysis of salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways.
  • Observation of defense-related effects like callose deposition and gene expression.
  • Investigation of vesicular trafficking and phospholipid metabolism.

Main Results:

  • Chemical depolymerization of actin filaments triggers plant resistance to further infection.
  • This resistance is mediated by the specific activation of salicylic acid (SA) signaling.
  • SA-independent defense responses, including callose deposition and altered gene expression, were observed.
  • These effects are linked to vesicular trafficking and phospholipid metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • The role of actin in plant-pathogen interactions is more complex than previously understood.
  • Plants may possess mechanisms to sense and counteract pathological actin disruption.
  • Actin depolymerization specifically influences SA content, highlighting its importance in plant defense signaling.