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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources01:13

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

1.0K
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
Two common narrow-range 'line' sources used in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and...
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

543
Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used....
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Overview01:27

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Overview

3.1K
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a technique used to analyze elements by measuring electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbed by atoms, which causes them to transition to a higher-energy orbit. The most crucial step in AAS is atomization, where the analyte is converted into gas-phase atoms, typically through a flame or furnace. Some of these atoms become thermally excited in the flame, while most remain in the ground state.
When irradiated by EMR of a particular wavelength, these...
3.1K
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

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For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing...
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Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic
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A versatile Johansson-type tender x-ray emission spectrometer.

S H Nowak1, R Armenta1, C P Schwartz1

  • 1SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|April 9, 2020
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A new high-resolution X-ray spectrometer achieves subnatural line-width energy resolution for tender X-rays. This versatile instrument enables advanced in situ studies of various sample types.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Spectroscopy
  • Synchrotron Radiation

Background:

  • High energy resolution X-ray spectroscopy is crucial for materials characterization.
  • Existing instruments often face limitations in resolution or sample environment versatility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and demonstrate a novel high-resolution X-ray spectrometer for the tender X-ray regime.
  • To achieve subnatural line-width energy resolution for versatile in situ measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a spectrometer based on Rowland geometry with cylindrically bent Johansson analyzers.
  • Integration of a position-sensitive detector and a versatile sample chamber within a vacuum environment.
  • Operation in an energy-dispersive mode with sample placement inside the Rowland circle.

Main Results:

  • Achieved subnatural line-width energy resolution of approximately 0.32 eV at 2400 eV.
  • Demonstrated performance with an extended incident X-ray beam across a wide range of diffraction angles (30°–65°).
  • Enabled versatile sample environments including solid, gas, liquid, in situ cells, and radioactive materials.

Conclusions:

  • The developed spectrometer offers unprecedented energy resolution in the tender X-ray range.
  • Its versatile sample environment facilitates advanced in situ studies.
  • The instrument is well-suited for detailed investigations in materials science and related fields.