Antibody-Electroactive Probe Conjugates Based Electrochemical Immunosensors

Area of Science:

• Electrochemistry
• Biotechnology
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Sensitive and reliable immunosensors require effective immobilization of biorecognition elements like antibodies on transducer surfaces.
• Antibody prefunctionalization with electroactive probes offers a promising strategy for signal generation and enhanced detection.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review methods for antibody prefunctionalization using electroactive probes for electrochemical immunosensor development.
• To discuss the immobilization of antibody-electroactive probe conjugates on electrode surfaces.
• To explore the application of these conjugates as bioreceptors and signal generators for antigen detection and multiplexed analysis.

Main Methods:

• Functionalization of antibodies with redox-active probes including ferrocene (Fc), anthraquinone (AQ), thionine (Thi), cobalt(III) bipyridine (Co(bpy)33+), Ru(bpy)32+, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP).
• Immobilization strategies for antibody-electroactive probe conjugates on electrode surfaces.
• Integration of nanomaterials and application in sandwich and direct detection formats for antigen quantification.

Main Results:

• Demonstrated various strategies for antibody functionalization and immobilization, leading to improved immunosensor performance.
• Showcased the utility of antibody-electroactive probe conjugates in both sandwich and direct antigen detection schemes.
• Highlighted the potential for multiplexed analyte detection using redox probe strategies.

Conclusions:

• Antibody prefunctionalization with electroactive probes is a key strategy for developing sensitive and reliable electrochemical immunosensors.
• The reviewed methods and strategies enable advanced bioreceptor design and efficient signal generation.
• This approach facilitates specific, quantitative antigen detection and opens avenues for multiplexed sensing applications.