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Fast Number Theoretic Transform for Ring-LWE on 8-bit AVR Embedded Processor.

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This study optimizes Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) and random sampling on 8-bit microcontrollers using secure modular multiplication and LUT-based reduction. These optimizations significantly improve performance for cryptographic applications, enhancing security and efficiency.

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8-bit AVR microcontrollerAES block ciphernumber theoretic transformpublic key encryptionrandom samplingring learning with errorssoftware implementationtiming attack

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Area of Science:

  • Cryptography and Embedded Systems Engineering
  • Optimization of Number Theoretic Transform (NTT)
  • Secure implementation on resource-constrained devices

Background:

  • Low-end 8-bit AVR microcontrollers present challenges for complex cryptographic operations.
  • Existing implementations of NTT and random sampling lack efficiency and security against side-channel attacks.
  • Need for optimized cryptographic primitives in embedded systems for secure communication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) and random sampling operations on 8-bit AVR microcontrollers.
  • To enhance modular multiplication with constant-time countermeasures against timing and power analysis attacks.
  • To improve the performance of pseudo-random number generation for cryptographic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Developed optimized modular multiplication with secure countermeasures (constant timing).
  • Implemented combined Look-Up Table (LUT)-based fast reduction techniques requiring only two LUT accesses.
  • Utilized assembly language for reduced memory access and function call overhead.
  • Integrated optimized AES software implementation for pseudo-random number generation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 9.0% and 14.6% performance improvement for NTT at 128-bit and 256-bit security levels, respectively.
  • Optimized AES-256 counter (CTR) mode for random number generation is 9.5% faster.
  • Ring-LWE key scheduling and encryption operations show significant speedups on AVR microcontrollers.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed LUT-based NTT and optimized random sampling techniques offer substantial performance gains on low-end microcontrollers.
  • Secure and efficient implementation of cryptographic primitives is feasible on resource-constrained embedded systems.
  • The optimized methods provide a strong foundation for secure communication in embedded devices.