Application of nanodiamonds in Cu(ii)-based rhodamine B probes for NO detection and cell imaging

Nitric oxide functions as an important signalling molecule in many biological systems. Nanodiamonds (NDs) have attracted enormous attention in the field of biomaterial science for biosensing applications and drug/gene delivery. In this work, one novel Cu(ii)-based rhodamine B probe for NO detection was composed which was covalently bound to the nanodiamond (ND) surface. The results showed that the covalently conjugated ND probe could detect Cu²⁺ and NO sequentially with high sensitivity, high stability and good reusability compared to a free rhodamine B probe in CH₃CN/HEPES (pH 6.8, v/v, 1 : 1). The detection limit for NO was estimated to be 10.5 nM. In addition, the response to NO was reversible in the presence of O₃, which has attracted attention in the fields of biology and environmental science. Further analysis of confocal fluorescence microscopy images and the MTT assay indicated that the conjugated ND probe has favorable biocompatibility and low toxicity. This new Cu²⁺ and NO selective fluorescent ND probe may have potential applications in environmental science and biology.