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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

Likeness, Familiarity, and the Ambient Portrait Average.

Susan Hayes¹, Peter Caputi², T S Zaracostas³

¹Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Atmospheric, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong Australia, Wollongong, Australia; Red Point Artists Association, Port Kembla, Australia.

|April 9, 2020

Summary

Portrait averages are shape accurate and perceived as good likenesses. However, familiar viewers prefer portraits exaggerating facial distinctiveness for a better likeness, not just accuracy.

Keywords:

distinctiveness face perception geometric morphometrics likeness portraiture recognition

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Investigating the 'Uncatchable Smile' in Leonardo da Vinci's La Bella Principessa: A Comparison with the Mona Lisa and Pollaiuolo's Portrait of a Girl

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Published on: October 4, 2016

Area of Science:

Art and Perception
Psychology
Computer Vision

Background:

Facial likeness perception is complex.
Geometric morphometrics aids in analyzing facial shape accuracy.
Familiarity influences how viewers perceive portrait likeness.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between portrait accuracy, familiarity, and perceived likeness.
To compare viewer preferences for averaged portraits versus distinctively exaggerated portraits.
To extend previous findings on likeness, familiarity, and shape accuracy in portraiture.

Main Methods:

10 visual artists created ambient portraits and averaged portraits of familiar and unfamiliar sitters.
Over 150 general public members assessed portrait likeness during an exhibition.
Geometric morphometrics was used to measure shape accuracy.

Main Results:

Portrait averages were highly shape accurate and generally perceived as good likenesses.
Unfamiliar viewers significantly favored shape-accurate depictions.
Familiar viewers preferred portraits with exaggerated facial distinctiveness and pose, provided proportionality was maintained.

Conclusions:

While portrait averages offer high shape accuracy, they do not guarantee the best likeness.
Viewer familiarity significantly impacts likeness perception, with a preference for distinctiveness over pure accuracy.
Facial distinctiveness and pose exaggeration, within proportional limits, enhance likeness for familiar viewers.