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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

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Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
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Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation01:24

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation

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Glucuronidation, a pivotal phase II biotransformation process, involves the coupling of glucuronic acid to a drug or xenobiotic. Given its widespread occurrence and critical role in drug metabolism, it's considered the most crucial phase II reaction. It enhances the water solubility of substances, aiding their expulsion from the body. The driving force behind these reactions is a group of enzymes known as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGTs facilitate the transfer of a glucuronic acid...
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Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

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Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
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Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction

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Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by mucosal excavation in the esophagus, stomach, pylorus, or duodenum. It can manifest as acute or chronic based on the extent and duration of mucosal involvement.
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Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade
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Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

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Allopurinol hypersensitivity: Pathogenesis and prevention.

Lisa K Stamp1, Peter T Chapman1

  • 1University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology
|April 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Allopurinol can cause severe skin reactions. Identifying risk factors like HLA-B*5801 genotype and starting with a low dose can reduce these serious adverse events.

Keywords:
AllopurinolGoutHypersensitivitySerious cutaneous adverse reactions

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Medicine
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Allopurinol is a primary treatment for lowering urate levels.
  • It is associated with potentially fatal serious cutaneous reactions (SCARs).
  • Risk factors include ethnicity, HLA-B*5801 genotype, renal impairment, dose, and diuretic use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the risk factors and management of allopurinol-induced SCARs.
  • To highlight the importance of risk mitigation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on allopurinol-associated SCARs.
  • Analysis of identified risk factors and their interplay.
  • Discussion of current treatment and potential interventions.

Main Results:

  • Serious adverse events result from a complex interaction of risk factors.
  • Oxypurinol, the active metabolite, is implicated, but no specific concentration threshold is defined.
  • No definitive treatment exists beyond drug cessation and supportive care.

Conclusions:

  • Screening for HLA-B*5801 in high-risk populations is crucial.
  • Initiating allopurinol at a low dose and patient education on recognizing SCAR symptoms are vital risk-reduction strategies.