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Glial Cells

Glial Cells

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Rapid and Refined CD11b Magnetic Isolation of Primary Microglia with Enhanced Purity and Versatility

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Published on: April 13, 2017

Microglia in Multiple Sclerosis: Friend or Foe?

Brooke L Guerrero¹, Nancy L Sicotte¹

¹Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology

|April 9, 2020

Summary

Microglia, immune cells in the brain, have complex roles in multiple sclerosis (MS). They are involved in both damaging inflammation and crucial repair processes, offering potential therapeutic targets.

Keywords:

PET imaging biomarkers disease modifying therapy microglia multiple sclerosis pathology quantitative susceptibility mapping

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Area of Science:

Neuroimmunology
Cell Biology

Background:

Microglia are essential for central nervous system (CNS) development, immune surveillance, and repair.
Their specific role in multiple sclerosis (MS) is multifaceted, implicated in both disease progression and potential recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the latest histological classifications of MS lesions.
To examine the dual roles of microglia in MS pathogenesis and repair.
To explore microglia as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for MS.

Main Methods:

Histological analysis of MS lesions.
Review of existing scientific literature on microglia function in MS.
Analysis of evidence for inflammatory and reparative roles.

Main Results:

Recent classifications categorize MS lesions based on inflammatory activity and repair.
Microglia exhibit both pro-inflammatory and tissue-reparative functions in MS.
Evidence suggests microglia are key players in the complex MS disease course.

Conclusions:

Microglia are central to understanding MS pathology and progression.
Targeting microglial functions could offer novel therapeutic strategies for MS.
Microglia may serve as valuable biomarkers for monitoring MS activity and treatment response.