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Nutrient pollutant loading and source apportionment along a Mediterranean river.

Sania El-Nakib1, Ibrahim Alameddine2, May Massoud3

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad el Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.

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Point sources significantly impair river water quality, contributing 75-98% of pollution loads in the Beirut River basin. This study quantifies pollution sources in a poorly monitored Mediterranean river.

Keywords:
Beirut RiverLoad estimationNonpoint sourcesOpenNSPECTPoint sourcesWater quality

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrology
  • Water Quality Management

Background:

  • Rivers face increasing anthropogenic pollution, degrading water quality and impacting coastal ecosystems.
  • Pollution stems from both point sources (e.g., industrial discharge) and nonpoint sources (e.g., agricultural runoff).
  • Understanding pollution source contributions is crucial for effective water resource management, especially in under-monitored regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the relative contributions of point and nonpoint pollutant loads in the Beirut River basin.
  • To assess water quality degradation in a seasonal Mediterranean river system.
  • To provide a modeling framework for apportioning pollution loads in poorly monitored basins.

Main Methods:

  • Weekly water quality sampling over two years (2016-2017) at four sites representing urbanization gradients.
  • Development of flow-concentration regression models to estimate total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and total suspended solids (TSS) loads.
  • Quantification of nonpoint source contributions using the Open Nonpoint Source Pollution and Erosion Comparison Tool (OpenNSPECT).

Main Results:

  • Regression models showed improved performance in downstream sections (adjusted R² 66% for TP, 59% for TN).
  • Point sources were identified as the primary cause of water quality impairment.
  • Point source contributions ranged from 75% in headwaters to 98% in downstream urbanized areas.

Conclusions:

  • Point sources dominate river pollution in the Beirut River basin, highlighting the need for targeted management strategies.
  • The modeling approach effectively quantifies pollutant loads and apportions contributions between sources in data-scarce environments.
  • Findings offer insights for improving water quality management in similar Mediterranean river systems.