miRNA in prostate cancer: challenges toward translation

Prostate cancer (PCa) represents the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm among men. miRNAs, as biomarkers, could further improve reliability in distinguishing malignant versus nonmalignant, and aggressive versus nonaggressive PCa. However, conflicting data was reported for certain miRNAs, and there was a lack of consistency and reproducibility, which has been attributed to diverse (pre)analytical factors. In order to address current challenges in miRNA clinical research on PCa, a PubMed-based literature search was conducted with the last update in May 2019. After identifying critical variations in designs and protocols that undermined clear-cut evidence acquisition, and reliable translation into clinical practice, we propose guidelines for most critical steps that should be considered in future research of miRNA as biomarkers, especially in PCa.