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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

6.4K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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Association Between Keratoconus and Thyroid Gland Dysfunction: A Cross-Sectional Case-Control Study.

Ahmed El-Massry, Mohamed Fahmy Doheim, Mohammed Iqbal

    Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995)
    |April 9, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study suggests a link between thyroid gland dysfunction and keratoconus. Patients with keratoconus showed a higher prevalence of thyroid issues compared to healthy controls.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmology
    • Endocrinology
    • Medical Research

    Background:

    • Keratoconus is a progressive eye condition.
    • Thyroid gland dysfunction encompasses various hormonal imbalances.
    • Understanding potential comorbidities is crucial for patient management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the potential clinical association between thyroid gland dysfunction and keratoconus.
    • To compare the prevalence of thyroid abnormalities in keratoconus patients versus a control group.

    Main Methods:

    • A cross-sectional case-control study involving 187 keratoconus patients and 187 controls.
    • Corneal topography (Pentacam) and serum thyroid hormone levels (free T3, free T4, TSH) were assessed.
    • Endocrinologist evaluation confirmed thyroid dysfunction.

    Main Results:

    • A statistically significant higher prevalence of thyroid gland dysfunction was observed in keratoconus patients (5.3%) compared to controls (1.1%) (P = .036).
    • Among keratoconus patients with thyroid dysfunction, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism were identified.
    • The majority of affected patients were women.

    Conclusions:

    • The study indicates a possible association between keratoconus and thyroid gland dysfunction.
    • Further research is recommended to validate and expand upon these findings.