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Rootless tephra stratigraphy and emplacement processes.

Christopher W Hamilton1, Erin P Fitch2, Sarah A Fagents3

  • 11Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, 1629 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.

Bulletin of Volcanology
|April 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Volcanic rootless cones form from steam explosions when hot lava meets water. This study analyzes tephra layers to understand how water availability affects eruption cycles and explosive efficiency.

Keywords:
IcelandLavaPhreatomagmaticPseudocratersVolcanic rootless conesWater

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Area of Science:

  • Volcanology
  • Explosive volcanism
  • Sedimentology

Background:

  • Rootless cones result from molten fuel-coolant interactions (MFCIs).
  • Previous research lacks systematic tephrostratigraphy and grain-size analysis for rootless eruptions.
  • Understanding MFCI efficiency, fragmentation, and tephra dispersal requires baseline data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate rootless tephra stratigraphy and grain-size distribution.
  • To establish a baseline for evaluating environmental factors influencing MFCIs.
  • To understand the relationship between MFCI efficiency and tephra patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a 13.55-m-thick vertical tephra sequence.
  • Detailed examination of 28 rhythmic bed pairs, each representing an explosion cycle.
  • Identification and interpretation of dilute pyroclastic density current (PDC) deposits.

Main Results:

  • The stratigraphy comprises four units, with rhythmic bed pairs dominating units 2 and 3.
  • Fine basal material suggests tephra fall (energetic phase), coarser material indicates ballistic ejecta (coda phase).
  • A decrease in MFCI efficiency is observed, linked to coolant depletion and potentially changing vent conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Rhythmic bed pairs suggest periodic explosion processes driven by fluctuating water-to-lava ratios.
  • Groundwater recharge cycles likely influenced MFCI efficiency and eruption cyclicity.
  • The study provides a baseline for understanding rootless eruption dynamics and environmental controls.