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Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis
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Almond allergens: update and perspective on identification and characterization.

Yuzhu Zhang1, Tengchuan Jin2

  • 1U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pacific West Area, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, USA.

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
|April 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Almond allergies are common, yet almond allergens are less understood than other nuts. This review clarifies the molecular properties of known and potential almond allergens, including Pru du 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8.

Keywords:
almond allergenantimicrobial proteinfood allergentree nutsvicilinγ-Conglutin

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Area of Science:

  • Food science
  • Allergology
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Almonds are a popular food but a common cause of tree nut allergies.
  • Almond allergens require more extensive study compared to other major allergens like peanuts.
  • Clarifying almond allergen identities is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and update the molecular properties of identified almond allergens.
  • To address confusion regarding the specific identities of almond allergens.
  • To provide a perspective on characterizing potential new almond allergens.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published studies on almond allergens.
  • Analysis of designated almond allergens by the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee.
  • Identification of potential allergens based on sequence homology and protein families.

Main Results:

  • Five almond allergens are officially designated: Pru du 3 (nsLTP1), Pru du 4 (profilin), Pru du 5 (60S acidic ribosomal protein 2), Pru du 6 (prunin), and Pru du 8 (antimicrobial protein).
  • Almond vicilin and γ-conglutin are identified allergens requiring further characterization.
  • Pru du 1 (pathogenesis-related-10 protein) and Pru du 2 (thaumatin-like protein) are potential allergens.

Conclusions:

  • Almonds possess five confirmed food allergens and five additional potential allergens needing further investigation.
  • Accurate characterization of almond allergens is essential for advancing allergy diagnostics and treatment.
  • This review consolidates current knowledge on almond allergens, aiding future research efforts.