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Overview of Microscopy Techniques01:22

Overview of Microscopy Techniques

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The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
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To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments
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Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments

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Direct Observation of Corrosive Wear by In Situ Scanning Probe Microscopy.

J Michael Shockley1, Christopher R So1, Matthew J Strom2

  • 1Molecular Interfaces & Tribology Section, Code 6176, Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5342, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|April 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Tribocorrosion, the wear of materials in corrosive settings, damages protective layers. This study reveals nanoscale pitting initiates on vulnerable secondary phases in stainless steel during sliding, increasing material loss.

Keywords:
atomic force microscopycorrosionin situ scan probe microscopypassivationpittingstainless steeltribocorrosiontribology

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Corrosion Engineering
  • Tribology

Background:

  • Tribocorrosion accelerates material degradation by damaging protective oxide layers in passivating alloys.
  • Understanding nanoscale wear mechanisms is crucial for preventing premature material failure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phase-specific tribocorrosion behavior of a heat-treated duplex stainless steel alloy.
  • To elucidate the initiation mechanisms of pitting corrosion under sliding contact at the nanoscale.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a nanoscale, *in situ* technique using scanning probe microscopy within an electrochemical cell.
  • Phase-by-phase analysis of tribocorrosion on a duplex stainless steel alloy.
  • Correlation of electrochemical current and wear rates with material loss.

Main Results:

  • Sliding contact initiated pitting corrosion and localized current increases on passive oxide layers.
  • Chromium-depleted secondary austenite phases were most susceptible to pitting.
  • Pitting initiated at nanoscale voids near chromium nitride inclusions under threshold stress.
  • Material loss correlated linearly with wear rates and electrochemical current, but current could not quantify material loss.

Conclusions:

  • Nanoscale *in situ* tribocorrosion using scanning probe microscopy is effective for studying failure mechanisms on passivated metal surfaces.
  • Secondary phases and inclusions significantly influence tribocorrosion initiation and propagation.
  • Understanding nanoscale initiation sites is key to mitigating tribocorrosion in stainless steels.