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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children - What We Know So Far and What We Do Not

S Balasubramanian1, Neha Mohan Rao2, Anu Goenka3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India.

Indian Pediatrics
|April 11, 2020
PubMed

Insights

Pediatric coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is generally mild in children, with rare mortality. Asymptomatic children may contribute to transmission, and socio-economic impacts of the pandemic pose the greatest threat to child health.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Pediatric coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) presents with milder symptoms and better prognosis compared to adults.
  • A significant proportion of infected children are asymptomatic, potentially aiding disease transmission.
  • The reasons for reduced severity in children, possibly linked to immune function or ACE2 receptor differences, require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of COVID-19 in children.
  • To discuss COVID-19 in immunosuppressed pediatric populations.
  • To highlight the broader socio-economic impacts of the pandemic on global child health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pediatric COVID-19 cases and relevant research.
  • Analysis of clinical features, diagnostic methods (RT-PCR), and imaging findings.
  • Consideration of treatment strategies for severe cases, including antiviral and immunomodulatory therapies.

Main Results:

  • COVID-19 in children is typically mild, with fever and cough as common symptoms.
  • Laboratory findings and chest imaging may lack specificity in pediatric cases.
  • The primary global health threat to children from SARS-CoV-2 is likely socio-economic, not direct mortality from COVID-19.

Conclusions:

  • While direct COVID-19 mortality is rare in children, asymptomatic transmission is a concern.
  • Management algorithms for severe pediatric COVID-19 cases are suggested.
  • The long-term socio-economic consequences of the pandemic represent the most significant threat to child health worldwide.

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