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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

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Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

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The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in...
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Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification
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An anatomic classification for heterotopic ossification about the hip.

Malcolm R DeBaun1, Chason Ziino1, Christopher LaPrade1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA.

Journal of Orthopaedics
|April 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Heterotopic ossification (HO) about the hip is a common complication. This study proposes a new classification system for hip HO based on location to guide surgical treatment.

Keywords:
AcetabulumHeterotopic ossificationHipHip replacementTrauma

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Bone Metabolism
  • Medical Classification Systems

Background:

  • Heterotopic ossification (HO) of the hip is a debilitating condition following acetabular fractures, total hip replacement, or polytrauma.
  • Currently, no classification system exists to guide surgical treatment for hip HO.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a novel classification system for HO about the hip.
  • To group HO based on location and involved structures to inform surgical approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of 40 hip HO excisions from 2004-2018.
  • Data collected included demographics, pre/post-operative range of motion, surgical approach, and HO location (Brooker classification).

Main Results:

  • 36 patients (21 male, 15 female) with a mean age of 47 years were included.
  • HO occurred after traumatic injury (35%) and total hip arthroplasty (32%).
  • HO was located anteriorly (55%) and posteriorly (48%), with Brooker classifications ranging from 1 to 4.

Conclusions:

  • This study identified distinct anatomical locations for hip HO.
  • A novel classification system for HO based on location is presented.
  • This classification aims to guide surgical approach selection for HO excision.